The Potential of the zingiberaceae family as spice plants medicinal effectiveness

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Spices are plant parts originating from stems, leaves, bark, tubers, rhizomes, roots, seeds, flowers, or other parts of plant bodies that are aromatic and used in food with the main function of providing flavor.(Hakim, 2015).In its development, spice plants have been used as kitchen spices, flavor enhancers, fragrances, and food preservatives which are used on a limited basis (Robi, Siti, and Muflihati, 2019).According to Winarto & Karyasari, besides being useful as a cooking spice, 10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2790 Wahyuni et al jurnaljpbio@gmail.comspices are also used in treatment, both for minor and chronic illnesses (Raburega, 2022).Spices contain phytochemical compounds including phytosterols, saponins, polyphenols, glycosinolates, phytesterogens, curcumin, sulfides, phytic acid, tannins, and essential oils, these phytochemical compounds apart from adding taste, also provide medicinal effects (Ningsih, 2021).Every ethnic/tribe has traditional knowledge of using plants as medicine.This traditional knowledge is a cultural element that arises from individual experiences due to interactions with the environment and is inherited from generation to generation to sustain life, because whether we realize it or not, in maintaining the continuity of life, humans will always depend on their environment (Ani, Rohyani, and Ustadz, 2018).Traditional knowledge about the use of plants is obtained by the community through experience or trial and error, through dreams, through parents or ancestors which is inherited from generation to generation and orally from generation to generation, resulting in the creation of various high-quality medicinal concoctions (Julung et al, 2018).The management or use of spice plants as medicinal ingredients in various regions is also different, for example in the tourist area of Rancabuaya Beach, Kaempferia galanga L. is used as a reliever for urination and sprains (Mutaqin et al, 2017), then along the coast of Jember Regency it is used to treat colds (Puspitasari, Asyiah, and Astuti, 2019).
The use of spice plants which have medicinal effectiveness is not well documented because in general people living in rural areas often use oral traditions rather than written traditions to document the knowledge.Therefore, at this moment children or young people are not familiar with existing spices.Even among them, some do not know what the spices look like.Therefore, at this moment old people trust modern medicine more than using spices or traditional medicines, so the transfer of knowledge about spices and their efficacy is becoming more disconnected.Research on medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family in the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belmont Village has never been carried out, although health efforts through the use of traditional medicine from spice plants have been known to the community from the past until now.Belonsat Village has 3 community groups that live side by side, consisting of the Dayak people, especially the Dayak Linoh, Javanese people, and NTT people.Each group has different knowledge regarding the use of the Zingiberacea family.Based on these differences in knowledge, for this research, the focus is more on conducting research related to "The Potential of the Zingiberaceae family as spice plants medicinal effectiveness in the Dayak linoh tribe at Belonsat village".Research conducted by Nasution, Riyanto, & Chandra (2020) mentions that Zingiberaceae is used as a body warmer because the Batak ethnic group lives in the highlands which is synonymous with cold weather.Meanwhile, the Dayak Linoh tribe is a tribe that lives in the lowlands where the weather is hotter.This research aims to find out the types of spices, the parts used as medicine, and how to use the plants.

RESEARCH METHODS Research Design
The research approach used is descriptive qualitative.This approach was used because the data obtained was descriptive in the form of written and spoken words from the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village who understand the use of medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family.The method used in this research is a survey method.The survey method was used to collect field data relating to data on medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family in the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village as can be seen in Figure 1.

Research Data Sources
The data in this research was obtained from informants, events or activities, places or locations, objects, images, and recordings, as well as written or unwritten documents.This research 10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2790 Wahyuni et al jurnaljpbio@gmail.comconsisted of three informants, consist of the main informant, the key informant, and the recommendation informant.The main informant was determined using a purposive sampling technique because the main informant was the easiest to find and was a mother from the Dayak Linoh tribe who understood spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family.Key informants and recommendations using snowball sampling.Snowball sampling is a technique for selecting informants from recommendations from previous informants.There is 1 person main informant and key informant, then there is also 1 person recommendation informant.

Instruments
The instrument used in this research was an interview sheet according to the researcher's needs.When conducting interviews, researchers have prepared research instruments in the form of written questions that will be asked during interviews, where the questions relate to medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family which are used by the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village.

Procedures
The research procedure carried out by the researcher consisted of several stages, specifically (1) compiling an interview sheet and carrying out validation, (2) coordinating with the head of Belonsat village as head of the PKK, (3) determining the respondents who would be interviewed, (4) collecting data one (1) time using the interview process, (5) documenting the Zingiberaceae family used by the Dayak Linoh tribe (6) analyzing research data, (7) making a research report

Data Analysis
The data analysis technique in this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis of the potential of the Zingiberaceae family as medicinal spice plants which includes: types of plants used, diseases that can be cured, parts of plants used, and how to use plants according to the informant's knowledge.

RESULTS
The results of this research were obtained through interviews and field observations with respondents from the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village, namely that there are 8 types of medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberacea family.

DISCUSSION
Based on the results of interviews with 2 women from the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village, 8 types of plants from the Zingiberaceae family were found, which cured 11 types of diseases.Spice plants with medicinal effectiveness from the Zingiberaceae family consist of 8 types of plants, namely lempuyang, rice ginger, red ginger, kecombrang, galangal, turmeric, galangal, and ginger.According to Kurniati, the Zingiberaceae family grows more easily in various types of soil and has been cultivated by people in gardens and fields.The Zingiberaceae family is a plant that is often found in tropical forest areas.The Zingiberaceae family is generally known by the Indonesian people as ginger plants which are used in traditional medicine (Takoy, Rizal, dan Irwan, 2013).
The Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village mostly uses the rhizome for medicinal purposes, but there are also other parts that are used, such as the flowers and young stems.Plants from the Genus Zingiber (Family Zingiberaceae) are widely used throughout the world as food and medicinal plants.They represent a very popular herbal medicine in various traditional healing systems, especially the Zingiber rhizome.This plant has a long history of ethnobotanical use because a large number of rhizomes have antimicrobial characteristics derived from their essential oil content (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017).Other research also states that Zingiberaceae has been used by people of various ethnicities as traditional medicinal ingredients.Most of the parts used are the rhizomes of the plant, while the treatment methods vary (Nrhazizah et al., 2021).
According to Handa et al., the rhizomes of Zingiberaceae plants are a source of essential oils.Essential oils are widely used in soap, cosmetics, toilet products, medicines, perfumes, and food.Plant organs that contain natural essential oils are flowers, leaves, bark, roots, seeds, fruit, rhizomes, and sap or oleoresin exudate (Rukmana, Mukhtar, & Zulkarnain, 2022).Ginger is a common and widely used spice.Ginger is rich in various secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and crude fiber.The health benefits of ginger are mainly attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, such as gingerol and shogaol.Accumulating investigations have shown that ginger has several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, respiratory protective, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities.(Mao et al., 2019).Furthermore, there are also research that has revealed that ginger positively influences memory and exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory activity, which may contribute to preventing neurodegenerative diseases (Park et al, 2013;Huh et al, 2018).Kaempferia galanga L., which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, is an endangered medicinal plant with potential medicinal effectiveness.The leaves, rhizomes, and root tubers of the plant have several medicinal applications.This plant is economically important and is overexploited so there is always a shortage of propagating material (rhizomes) which are also the consumable part.Kaempferia galanga extract has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antibacterial, sedative, cytotoxic, insecticidal, and anthelmintic (Shetu et al., 2018).The rhizoma of Kaempferia 10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2790Wahyuni et al jurnaljpbio@gmail.comgalanga L. contains primary metabolites such as protein, fiber, and minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, iron, manganese, and nickel).Secondary compounds include essential oils and flavonoids.The essential oil content in the form of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) can cause anti-inflammatory activity.(Hashiguchi et al., 2022).Curcumin is the main constituent of turmeric (Curcuma longa).Turmeric has been widely used as a spice in food and for therapeutic applications such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial activities.Turmeric and curcumin are nonmutagenic and nongenotoxic.Curcumin (CU) is a natural multipurpose plant compound with antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective activities (Soleimani et al., 2018).Alpinia galanga has been used for many years for its biological activity.Many species of the family Zingiberaceae have been studied for their potential biological activity.Alpinia galanga from the Zingiberaceae family was widely used several decades ago and is still used for traditional and medicinal purposes.Easy availability and low cost have enabled benefits for more people from this plant.The bioactive compound, 1,8-cineole is known as a metabolite providing strong biological activity.This active compound causes plants to have biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antiulcer, antiallergic, antioxidant, and insecticidal activity (Subramanian & Nishan, 2015).
The use of various types of plants in everyday life, including as food, medicine, or ritual processes.The discovery of medicinal plants based on ethnobotanical research is the importance of documenting this traditional knowledge.Therefore, some of these species can be targeted for phytochemical and pharmacological studies to identify the active ingredients contained in these plants so that they have specific and effective therapy (Maroyi, 2013).
Spice plants are used as medicine in several ways, specifically drinking, smearing, sticking, and spraying.There are several ways to process spice plants as medicinal ingredients before drinking them, specifically by boiling, bruising, squeezing, grating, filtering, and mashing.Polished, it can be processed first by mashing and peeling it.Then the last one was sprayed, by chewing it first.

CONCLUSION
There are 8 types of medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family in the Dayak Linoh tribe in Belonsat Village.There are 3 parts of the plant that are used and there are 11 ways to use the plant.The parts that are often used are the rhizomes, while those that are rarely used are the flowers and young stems.The method most often used is by pounding and boiling.This research implies that the people of Belonsat Village, especially the Linoh Dayak tribe and the general public can know and use medicinal spice plants from the Zingiberaceae family for health.